Ethical Dilemma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral Dilemma - Research Paper Example In this way Margaret ought to pick which is the most significant thing for her either her sexual orientation roe or own character. The purpose of any story, including all the narratives portrayed in films, is in depiction of human decision, which in the long run prompts either fortunate or unfortunate results. In any case, not at all like some regular conceptualizations of decision that guarantee that decision manages picking among great and terrible, genuine decision (an entangled one) is consistently about picking between similarly either awful or great conceivable outcome. This implies each extremely essential decision is an avoidance of something critical. Moral situation requires a rejection of some ethically significant thing for sake of another, most likely increasingly significant worth. So the two significant qualities that the main character Margaret Keane ought to pick between are her personality (individual interests) and societal position (her social personality). On the absolute starting point of the film Margaret is depicted as a devoted spouse and a decent nice mother. She carries on with a customary existence of an American housewife of 1950es, when women’s rights weren’t so created and society didn’t pay attention to them. Therefore she distinguishes herself with the sex job of an ordinary lady she is accustomed to playing. She accepts that being a decent mother is a piece of the sexual orientation job, which can't be isolated from being a spouse and being a faithful lady. So to the extent her maternity is a significant virtue for her, the main way she accepts she can actualize it best for her youngster is by assuming the total sexual orientation job stopped on her by society. Despite the fact that Margaret figures out how to get separated with her significant other who she can't live with, she understands that society doesn’t acknowledge a single parent who has no expert abilities in anything. She meets a man who is by all accounts a decent one, anyway in the long run for reasons unknown, he is an extortion who capitalizes on cruising her virtuoso works of art under his own name, keeping Margaret in shadow. Along these lines inverse worth Margaret has is

The Persecution Of Innocenece Essays - Anabaptism, Anabaptists

The Persecution Of Innocenece The Persecution of Innocence This exposition will analyze in detail an inappropriate doings of society upon the Hutterite individuals. It will likewise show how the Hutterian Brethren's farming skill has been helpful to the world. It will clarify numerous records of torment and hardship suffered by these individuals. The Hutterian fraternity has been wrongly abused in light of their religion and their lifestyle, for a long time. The main composed record of the Anabaptist development dates as far back as January 21, 1525. On tonight a few youngsters endeavored to immerse each other. They did endless supply of the confidence. These youngsters had all intended to contemplate works of art at University yet they immediately went to the Bible. The youngsters referenced as authors of Anabaptism were Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and Jorg Blaurock. These men were all around regarded scholars.1 The recently discovered Anabaptist development appeared to spread quickly all through Switzerland, southern Germany, Tirol, and Moravia. A German recorder portrayed the fast development in these words, ?Anabaptism spread so rapidly that their lessons before long secured, in a manner of speaking, the land. They before long increased a huge after and sanctified through water a huge number, attracting to themselves numerous true spirits who had an enthusiasm for god.? Due to this dumbfounding increment in the quantity of Anabaptists church and state authorities set out to extirpate the Anabaptists. This is the place all the demise and torment started for these honest people.2 Just eight days after the main Anabaptist baptismal help, there was a consistent progression of orders gave against them. There were more than 200 proclamations declared against the Anabaptists in the sixteenth century, one hundred of which were given in the initial twenty years. Such authorities as regional rulers, ministers and the head gave the commands. The commands were coordinated against the Anabaptists themselves as well as against any individual who helped or supported them in any way.3 These commands were a genuine issue, punishments plot in the orders ran from ejection to death. A portion of the disciplines depicted remember copying openings for cheeks, marking temples with the indication of the fiend, removing the fingers or the tongue, and extending on the rack. The years to follow achieved a time of ruthlessness and languishing over the Anabaptists.4 So as to get the Anabaptists or different gatherings blameworthy of supporting them, there were house to house look. Individuals were examined regarding being an Anabaptist, and furthermore about potential collaborations with Anabaptists. The cruelest apportions taken to look for the Anabaptists happened in southern Germany. German troopers were conveyed after the Anabaptists in huge numbers, coming to up to one thousand. The officers were provided requests to kill the Anabaptists by any of a few methods including fire, water, blade, or hanging. The warriors were to act promptly and without giving a preliminary. Progressively ruthless moves were made against the Anabaptist heads trying to prevent them from selecting more individuals. For instance an incredible evangelist, Hans Hut was made to suffer ?alle Qualen der Holle? (all the desolations of hell).5 There are numerous records of outrageous mercilessness these individuals looked for a long time. This specific record is extremely concise and oversimplified yet it gets the point over. Some were tormented awfully on the rack that they were destroyed and passed on. Some were scorched to remains and powder as blasphemers. Some were broiled on pillars, some torn with scorching irons. Some were written up in houses and all consumed together. Some were held tight trees, others executed with the blade, and slashed up in pieces. Many had chokes placed in their mouths and their tongues tied so they couldn't talk and vouch for their confidence, and were therefore prompted the stake. What they had admitted with the mouth they affirmed with their blood. One gathering of ladies were thrown into the water and afterward taken out again and inquired as to whether they would retract. Seeing that they were unflinching, their killers cast them again into the water and suffocated them. So appallingly Satan seethed through his kids. Many were guaranteed extraordinary endowments and wealth should they abnegate. Others were implored to absolute only a solitary swear word, even a slight irreverence, and they would

Educating Rita :: Social Issues Racism Equality Essays

Teaching Rita Human advancement tends to endeavor to partition individuals into various gatherings. Our condition gauges and measures us; at that point places us into a specific organization. Plain and Rita are the very case of two people set in totally different social compartments. Their places in the public eye contrast enormously as do their jobs as understudy and educator. But as one looks at the content of Educating Rita it appears just as two individuals, who society has endeavored to isolate from one another every which way, despite everything share the world practically speaking. The primary enormous contrast in the two characters' societal position is their sex. Rita is a lady, Frank is a man. In spite of the fact that we may attempt to deny it, there is a serious contrast between what is normal from people. Age also has a huge influence as far as proposals desires. Candid is moderately aged though Rita is still in her late twenties. Rita is confronting masses of friend pressure, it is anticipated from her that she should now have youngsters and become a housewife. Her being genuinely youthful and hitched, the idea of her returning to class as opposed to having babies is unbelievable, very strange, and even unsuitable. Straight to the point, interestingly, is a moderately aged man and a divorcã ©. Most definitely, he is presently allowed to do his loving. He has just filled his white collar class obligations; he is taught, he has something of a vocation and he has been hitched. He presently has a sweetheart, which individuals respect that he is qualified for. No one anticipates that him should make a more profound duty to his better half, due, it appears, to the way that he has just been hitched once. These distinctions lead to a specific absence of sympathy for Frank's sake. Blunt doesn't comprehend Rita's circumstance, the social weight put on her is immeasurable to him. Blunt accepts that life is a basic issue: don't adore your better half any longer, get a separation; would prefer not to have youngsters, don't have kids. What he doesn't see, is that Rita is limited by the methods for her general public, she's not permitted to contrast from her mates, which greaterly affects her than Frank appears to figure it out. In a perspective, Frank is free and Rita isn't. Rita is limited by a great deal of desires to satisfy, though Frank has leave to just appreciate the remainder of his

Case Digests Of Libel Cases In The Philippines - 6050 Words

Case Digests Of Libel Cases In The Philippines (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Tamaray, Jaeger Dwayne G.Journalism 109Case DigestsEN BANCG.R. No. 13990 September 24, 1918THE UNITED STATES,Plaintiff-Appellee, vs.VICENTE SOTTO,Defendant-Appellant.Facts of the Case: This is an appeal from a judgment of the Court of First Instance of Manila by which the appellant, Vicente Sotto, was found guilty of the crime of libel and sentenced to pay a fine of P600.cThe case stemmed from a demurrer filed to the Court of First Instance upon the ground (a) "that more than one offense is charged," and (b) "that the facts charged do not constitute a public offense." The defendant was Vicente Sotto, the director, editor, manager, and printer of the weekly paper known as The Independent. He edited and published in English and Spanish in the city of Manila, with the intention of attacking the honesty, virtue, and reputation of Lope K. Santos, Jose Turiano Santiago and Hermenegildo Cruz, the principal leaders of the association known as the Congreso Obrero de Filipi nas, and with the malicious intention of exposing the said Lope K. Santos, Jose Turiano Santiago, and Hermenegildo Cruz to public hatred, contempt and ridicule as private citizens and as the leaders of the said association, voluntarily, illegally, criminally and maliciously published and caused to be published of the three persons above named a certain false, injurious and malicious defamation and libel tending to attack the honesty, virtue and reputation of the same, on page 23 of issue No. 4 of the said weekly paper, dated May 1, 1915.Having become tired of seeing the workingmen at the mercy of parasites who, under the guise of a false sympathy for the laboring classes, exploit the proletariat, making the latter the plaything of their ambitious and machiavelian manipulations, weary of these self-styled labor leaders who are pointed out by the people as the ones responsible for the malversation of workingmens funds, the bankruptcy of the "Tagumpay," the "Katubusan scandals," the di sappearance of a promissory note from the office of attorney Diokno, the misappropriation of funds in the management of the "El Ideal," the combinations which resulted in the failure of the seamen and street-car employeess strikes, and other numerous blunders committed by the said labor leaders, all of which has left the proletariat in the situation of a victim plucked by the very ones who set themselves up as their defenders; and realizing that our cause is in danger, now, for the sake of our honor, dignity of the laboring classes, we believe that the time has come to speak plainly and to put an end for once and all to so many parasites.If all these charges are true, it is hard to understand why the workingmen have continued until now under the control of their present leaders.Who is to blame?This was followed by a cartoon published on page 1 of issue No. 27 of the said weekly paper The Independent, on the 22d of May, 1915. Thecartoon contained people referred to in the first publi cation are caricatured by name and to each one of them is attached one of the words or phrases just mentioned, thereby identifying him to as one of the persons meant in the first publication. In the first publication, as we have seen, the labor leaders referred to are charged with having caused "the bankruptcy of the Tagumpay." In the cartoon we have the picture of a man labeled "H. Cruz" carrying a banner which bears, among others, the word "Tagumpay." The first publication also mentions "the Katubusan scandal." In the cartoon the word "Katubusan" is found inscribed on a banner carried by H. Cruz and also upon one carried by a person labeled "L. K. Santos." In the first publication we have also the charge that the labor leaders therein referred to were responsible for "the disappearance of a promissory note from the office of Attorney Diokno." The word "Diokno" appears in the cartoon upon the banner carried by "L. K. Santos." On the banner carried by H. Cruz are the words "El Ideal " to which reference is found in the first publication where the labor leaders are charged with responsibility for the disappearance of funds belonging to "El Ideal." A person named "J. Turiano" is seated at table with a dish before him labeled "Labor Congress which he is engaged in eating. He also holds in his hand banner carrying the devices "seamen strike and street-car employees strike." The banner borne by L. K. Santos carried in addition to the words "Katubusan" and "Diokno" the words "McCullough" and "Morales." From the mouth of the three figures thus depicted in the cartoon, H. Cruz, J. Turiano and L. K. Santos, issue the words respectively "I am the first leader," "And I am the second," and "And I am the third."craIssue: Whether or not Vicente is Guilty of LibelHeld: Demurrer was improperly sustained and that the judgment entered upon the order sustained and that the judgment entered upon the order sustaining the demurrer must be reversed. Vicente was deemed guilty of the c rime of libel as charged against him in the information, and sentence him to imprisonment for a period of three months and to the payment of a fine of P600, with costs.Explanation: The libel in this case was the 2 publications made by Vicente Sotto in his weekly paper, the article and the cartoon. It both contained Defamation. In the first publication, Sotto called the leaders as parasites while exposing their wrongdoings in a manner that destroys their good reputation in his publication. Although no names were directly said in the first publication, The evident purpose and result of the publication of the cartoon was to make clear the public that the three men named in the cartoon were the labor leaders referred to in the first publication. The effect of the cartoon was to give form and substance to the insinuations and references made in the first publication and the persons to whom they were directed. It served as the means of identification of the unnamed persons who were the su bject of the first publication; and also of placing up each one the particular offense of which the first publication charged him. It not only served to identify but it also served to point out the person upon who should fall to odium of the particular charge made.Lopez vs. CA (1970)Lopez (publisher and owner of Manila Chronicle) and Gatbonton (Editor) v. Court of Appeals and Cruz (1970)Facts:January 1956 Front-page story on the Manila ChronicleïÆ'  Fidel Cruz, sanitary inspector assigned to the Babuyan Islands, sent distress signals to US Airforce planes which forwarded such message to ManilaAn American Army plane dropped emergency sustenance kits on the beach of the island which contained, among other things, a two way radio set.Using the radio set Cruz reported to the authorities in Manila that the locals were living in terror due to a series of killings committed on the island since Christmas of 1955.Philippine defense forces (scout rangers) were immediately deployed to the ba buyan claro. They were led by Major Wilfredo Encarnacion whodiscovered that Cruz only fabricated the story about the killings to get attention. Cruz merely wanted transportation home to Manila.Major Encarnacion branded the fiasco as a hoaxïÆ'  the same word to be used by the newspapers who covered the sameJanuary 13, 1956 - This Week Magazine of the Manila Chronicle, edited by Gatbonton devoted a pictorial article to it. It claimed that despite the story of Cruz being a hoax it brought to light the misery of the people living in that place, with almost everybody sick, only 2 individuals able to read and write and food and clothing being scarceJanuary 29, 1956 - This Week MagazineïÆ'  in the "January News Quiz" made reference to Cruz as a health inspector who suddenly felt "lonely" in his isolated post, cooked up a story about a murderer running loose on the island of Calayan so that he could be ferried back to civilization.ïÆ'  Called it Hoax of the yearIn both issues photos of a Fidel Cruz were published but both photos were of a different person of the same nameïÆ'  Fidel G. Cruz former mayor, business man, contractor from Santa Maria, BulacanJanuary 27, 1957apublished statements correcting their misprint and explained that confusion and error happened due to the rush to meet the Jan 13thissues deadlineCruz sued herein petitioners for libel in CFI Manila. Cruz won and was awarded P11,000 in damages (5k actual, 5k moral, 1k attorneys fees)CA affirmed CFI decision hence this caseIssue: Should petitioners be held liable for their error in printing the wrong Fidel Cruzs photo in relation to the hoax of the year? Is such error is sufficient ground for an action for libel to prosper?Held: Yes they are liable but damages awarded to Cruz is reduced to P1,000.00Dissent: Dizon, J.Manila Chronicle should be absolved because:No evidence of actual maliceThe article does not ascribe anything immoral or any moral turpitude to CruzThe negligence performed by Manila Chro nicle is this case should be considered excusable negligenceExplanation:1. Mistake is no excuse to absolve publishers because libel is harmful on its face by the fact that it exposes the injured party to more than trivial ridicule, whether it is fact or opinion is irrelevant.Citing Lu Chu Sing v. Lu Tiong GuiïÆ'  libel is "malicious defamation, expressed either in writing, printing, or by signs or pictures, or the like, ..., tending to blacken the memory of one who is dead or to impeach the honesty, virtue, or reputation, or publish the alleged or natural defects of one who is aliv...

Cupcake Dracula in Our Kitchen Essay - 933 Words

Mom! Mom!- Sara shouted when she arrived home from school. She seem exited for something. Her mom went to the living room to receive her. She noticed Sara was wearing a new coat. It was a furry white jacket, it perfectly matched with her bright blue eyes, her blond straight hair, her really white skin and her pink lips that looked like two rose petals. She looked like a princes. -Oh! you have a new jacket!- said her mom. –It is really pretty! So tell me Sara, why are you so exited?-. –Mom, we are having a Halloween party tomorrow night in the grand salon! And guess what! You and I are making a lot of Halloween Cupcakes!- she said exited to her mom. She always went to her mom when it was about cupcakes, she was an expert making them and†¦show more content†¦Was this possible? But, who did this? She rune down and into the kitchen hoping to see her mom, but nothing. She was not there but there was a note in the table with a knife on it, written in red letters said : YOUR BEST MOMENT CAN TURN INTO THE WOREST ONE†¦ Cupcake Dracula. She didn’t know three things; were was her mother, what does that words mean and why are the cupcakes smashed all over the living room. She called her mom but there was no answer. She got scared. What should she do next? Call the police? Or the fire station? She took the note and read again. â€Å"Cupcake Dracula† who was him? or WHAT was he? She didn’t know, but need to. She called her boyfriend Pitter and told him to go to her house immediately. He lived 5 minutes from her house so he arrived quickly. She opened and they passed to the living room. –Why is your living room like this?- he asked. –I have no idea! This is why I called you. I need to know what is happening in here. Maybe in some book of history from this town they might be an explanation to this.- she said preoccupied. she dressed up and went to the library. They searched for in every book of history from this town but they found nothing. So they asked to an old woman if she could help them with their problem and she took about a book. She opened it and in this page there was a big scaring vampire cupcake. And it said â€Å"YOURShow MoreRelatedHow The First Place Team2922 Words   |  12 Pagesthe entire range of numbers were available. You can get about fifteen really nice sized pieces from this so if you are planning on having more people than that at a party you may want to consider having another theme cake or at the very least some cupcakes. Wilton #1 Baking Pan $12.99 - #2105-1194 Happy Baking! Baking with alternative sweeteners is a great way to enjoy desserts but without the negative side effects of sugar. It s not widely known or readily accepted among mainstream medicine

Essay on Bullying and Violence in Public Schools - 1365 Words

Bullying and Violence in Public Schools Although bullying has always been a problem in schools, it has more recently become a bigger crisis with vicious consequences. â€Å"However it is defined, bullying is not just child’s play, but a terrifying experience many schoolchildren face everyday. It can be as direct as teasing, hitting or threatening, or as indirect as exclusions, rumors or manipulation† (Garrett 2). Most kids do not think certain actions are classified as bullying, yet they do not realize the severity of the way they treat their peers. What they may see as â€Å"joking around† can be viewed as them being a bully, and they may even be hurting someone’s feelings without realizing the effect that they have. This can then†¦show more content†¦Other ways in which pop culture â€Å"for most kids†¦works as a coarsener, desensitizer, and dehumanizer† is through video games and the Internet. (Grapes 60). They are susceptible to all of this violence because it is s o ubiquitous in today’s society that it becomes almost impossible to avoid. Another cause that may actually be lesser known is the use of psychiatric drugs. Many people may think that student use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and heroin may have an effect, yet it seems that psychotropic drugs, such as Ritalin, Prozac, and Luvox prescribed for â€Å"mental illnesses,† have been known to cause violent behavior. The most common of these â€Å"illnesses† is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, which is most often treated with Ritalin. However, mania, insomnia, and hallucinations are just a few of the side effects that can be produced by such stimulants. Antidepressants such as Prozac and Luvox are also known to have adverse effects that include irritability, aggression, and hostility. Therefore, it is possible that there is a link between the increase in school violence and the rise in the prescribing of psychotropic drugs for kids. Unfortunately, â€Å"Despite the known negative effects that prescription psychia tric drugs can have on children†¦they continue to be prescribed at an alarmingly high rate† (Grapes 51).Show MoreRelatedThe Increase of School Violence in America Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesIs school violence increasing or decreasing? There has been a huge debate about is school violence increasing or decreasing? Reasons why school violence is decreasing is that many schools now have rules and policies such as metal detectors and locker checks, these rules and policies help teachers and students realize that for what purpose do these students bring these kinds of items to school. Also when kids understand that they shouldn’t do these kinds of things they think the teachers are rightRead MoreBullying : A School Based Program For The Baltimore County Public School System934 Words   |  4 PagesA Rationale for â€Å"Be a Buddy not a Bully†: A School Based Program for the Baltimore County Public School System in Maryland In recent years the problematic circumstances of bullying has been brought to attention as a widespread problem. Most bullying takes place on school grounds and outside school grounds, affecting numerous students. Bullying is any unwanted aggressive behaviors of youths or groups of youth who are not current dating partners or siblings that involves a perceived or observed powerRead MorePublic Schools Have Improved Their Safety Protocols1299 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 20, 1999, two teenaged boys opened fire at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killing 13 students and wounding more than 20 others before ending their lives later that day. This crime was the worst school shooting in the 20th century and it has drastically changed the ways our schools operate. Although schools today are still not 100% safe and have had a few incidents in the past 10 years, we are slowly evolving and becoming better each year. Because of the Columbine massacreRead MoreBullying : Bullying An d Bullying1394 Words   |  6 Pagesis however difficult to define bullying as there are different types of bullying. Bullying can be verbal, non-verbal, violent and non-violent. The reactions to bullying are also varied. While some do not mind bullying, some get severely affected by it. There are also others who grow stronger under constant bullying. Bullying can also occur at all ages and different environments. Kids, teenagers, and adults get bullied at school, in the Internet and at work. Bullying can also be quite subtle whereRead MoreSchool Should Be A Place That Is A Sanctuary For Students1393 Words   |  6 PagesSchool should be a place that is a sanctuary for students. It should be a place that helps students’ feel safe and ready to learn. They should not be a place of terror or fear. Students should not walk the hallways in fear that a bully is waiting for them near their locker or in the classroom. There are many ways that bullying can be prevented because it is easier to prevent bullying rather than trying to stop bullying. Seattle Public Schools have been trying to develop a creative method in supportingRead MoreSchool Administrator Acting An Ethical And Fair Manner895 Words   |  4 Pagesto address an issue related to a school administrator acting in an ethical and fair manner. For the sake of maintain ing confidentiality in this report, I will use a false name for the school administrator. I will also use a false school district. However, the policies outlined in the report are directly from the state and school district. Interview On Monday, February 29, 2016, I interviewed Dr. K. Wallace, District Administrator for Millbrook Public School District. The interview was on theRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Phenomenon That Has Largely Been Examined From The Perspective Of The Individual Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: Cyber bullying is a phenomenon that has largely been examined from the perspective of the individual. Robin Schott, a philosopher and researcher and Dorte Sondergaard a professor of social psychology aim to challenge this perspective, examining cyber bullying occurring as a group. Stefani Germonotta, also known as Lady Gaga, visited Harvard University in Massachusetts to be interviewed by Oprah Winfrey in 2012. At this interview, she openly discussed the cruelty she received from peers asRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence And Violence On Children1148 Words   |  5 Pages The past few weeks of our gender studies class we have been discussing institutionalized violence. Our class has took an in depth look at how violence is subsequently lived privately and publicly ignored. Meaning these victims live a paralleled life, one private and another public. My family has a history of violence on my mothers side. She grew up with an abusive mother, this abuse still affects her to this day. Having his misconduct so close to me, I have seen the detrimental side effects itRead MoreThe Issue Of Disciplinary Infractions For High School Students805 Words   |  4 PagesAdministrator for Jefferson County Public School District. The interview was on the topic of ethical fairness in education. Dr. Wallace discussed the issue of disciplinary infractions for high school students. He pointed out that bullying and acts of violence are becoming a major problem for administrators. According to Dr. Wallace, administrators must learn how to strike a balance in respecting the rights of children and eradicating acts of bullying and violence. According to Dr. Wallace, two studentsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesof bullying on international students- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomes of bullying along

Polish Compliance and Holocaust Essay Example For Students

Polish Compliance and Holocaust Essay In no other country than ancient Israel have Jews lived consistently and for as many centuries in as large number, and with as much autonomy as in Poland . The late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries brought huge waves of Jewish settlers into Poland, and by the beginning of the Second World War in 1939 there were approximately 3.5 million Jews living throughout the Polish countryside. The Jewish people within Poland lived in a self-contained world, with a unique network of religious, social and political institutions. Throughout their existence in Poland the Jews were faced with numerous obstacles stemming from various external and internal threats. External threats played a decisive role in Jewish history when Poland was unified into one nation alongside Russia to the East and Germany in the West. Each country became guilty of engaging in repeat incursions into the others territory, which created sharp cultural divides. Internal threats occurred with the German Catholic Church prea ching anti-Semitism to the Polish population, and industrialization in the nineteenth century established a Polish middle class threatened by Jewish success in medicine and banking industries. The Polish Jews had been the subjects of discrimination, humiliation and manipulation at the hands of their fellow countrymen, but not until World War Two did they think that their neighbours or friends would be capable of committing violent hate crimes. During the occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945 Nazi officials were amazed by the majoritys willingness to collaborate, especially in terms of the Jewish final solution. In towns all over Poland violent pogroms erupted and Jewish citizens were murdered, not by enemy soldiers but by those they interacted with and saw on a daily basis. To construct a reality into the causes of collaboration in 1939, it is necessary to examine Polish history, particularly the political, economic and cultural factions which for so long perpetuated discrimina tion against the Jewish population. Only when we are able to view these patterns of anti-Semitism throughout Polish history can we begin to understand a collaboration that ended in the destruction of over a million innocent Jewish civilians. Anti-Semitic traditions in Poland interested the German Nazi party so much that Hedrick Himmler found it of value to make his top SS officials study nineteenth century Polish history . The earliest era of discrimination against the Jews in Poland was centered around a religious conflict. The German Catholic Church which was the dominant religious body in Poland imposed its will onto the Polish majority and subsequently persecuted the Jewish population for their religious affiliations. Thus anti-Semitism during Polands earlier years attacked the Jews and their beliefs, but unlike similar situations in England and France hardly any acts of violence occurred on the basis of religion. The first real threat to the Jewish communities came with the div ision of the Polish territory in the nineteenth century. Poland prior to unification was made up of three distinct regions that during the previous centuries had developed different political and economic traditions, and were made up of distinct ethnic groups. Jewish entrepreneurs prospered during the years leading up to World War One, and in almost every Polish town the majority of businesses were run by Jewish families. The once minimal prejudice that existed against Jewish citizens was tremendously increased by the success of Jewish business, and a harsh environment slowly began to emerge. The further division of Polish territory came about and was drawn up in the Treaty of Versailles after World War One. As the country struggled to solve its problem of increased hatred toward national minorities, the Versailles Treaty was signed and again re-distributed the ethnic composition within areas of Poland. Ethnic minorities especially of Jewish decent compromised almost thirty percent of Polands population, which meant that new boundaries allowed ethnicity and religious affiliation to overlap promoting cumulative cleavages in areas . World War One not only demonstrated increased hostility against minorities, but also early Polish compliance with enemy forces. Early on the Poles established a variety of strategies for coping with occupiers, which proved their ability to endure and the capacity to comply with the wishes of invading troops. The Poles have always employed a strong positivistic tradition with occupation which includes an attempt to maintain peaceful effort and find co-existence with the occupier, but also to promote national identity at the same time . The authorities and political figures of Poland during World War One kept the country unified by endorsing a sense of patriotism and distinguished the enemy not as invading forces, but as those minorities who threatened true Polish identity. The weak cultural structure of Poland after World War One enab led the clear division of a Polish majority versus unwanted Jewish minorities. Racism embedded in the Polish culture cannot alone explain the collaboration that occurred during World War Two, the political crisis that plagued Poland after the First World War also played a decisive role. .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .postImageUrl , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:visited , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:active { border:0!important; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:active , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nuclear Weapons Essay Paper The politics in Poland after World War One left the Executive struggling to establish a democratic constitution. In an attempt to mirror Western democratic policy and avoid power in the hands of an authoritarian ruler, the Polish constitution gave considerable power to the legislative branch of government. This institutional decision in an attempt to promote checks and balances, and avoid excessive executive power realistically created a system of unsure legislative rulers. Ironically this effort to remove power from the top gave Jozef Pilsudski and the National Democratic Party the ability to manipulate an inexperienced legislature. This rapid introduction into Europe of a new formula of legitimacy went against traditional Polish civic culture, and tainted its institutions. The first political crisis that occurred in Poland post-Versailles highlighted the issue of minorities and their place in the community. The countries first President Gabriel Narutowicz a staunch supporter of min ority rights was assassinated a year after entering office which the National Democratic Party made clear they approved of, although they did not commit the actual murder . This subsequently created a sharp conflict with minorities when the National Democrats later came into power. Before long it was clear that a stronger executive power was necessary to cope with the countries most pressing issue; nationalist pride. In 1937 one party grabbed a hold of the countries attention the young members of the National Democratic Party began to campaign their admiration for fascism. Although they disliked Germans as a whole they admired Hitlers ideals for race and space and a strong nation united by patriotism. Any sort of government reform during the interwar era was meant to discriminate and expropriate the right of Polish Jews. The National Democrats supported that new education lines be drawn which explicitly disallowed Ukrainian and Jewish families to have their children taught in their native language. Aside from discriminatory racial policy the Polish government did not agree on much else, and eventually a process of intimidation began to emerge between the separate parties. A gradual alienation between the countries political parties resulted in a no party system, a kind of benevolent authoritarianism. Extreme political action took place in this new government, and in 1938 the Poles actually established a form of political concentration camp . Within the camp walls a wide array of radical political opponents were detained, for example polish communists or leaders of the Jewish faith. This polish ideology of hate the Germans, not the Nazis stayed with the government right up until the occupation of September 1939. A London official upon his return from Poland in 1938 reported that the government exaggerated its love for pro-Jewish policies, in reality it is hard to distinguish their laws from those of Hitler himself. It is now evident that a history of Polish po litics, economics and culture worked against the Jewish population. Understanding how the Poles could support Nazi racial policy comes from understanding the past, but turning personal beliefs into random acts of violence requires explanation. Upon first glance it is hard to distinguish whether the actions of the Polish people were of co-operation or collaboration. The two concepts are very distinct argue many historians and for the country of Poland during their occupation, the term collaboration is best suited. In studying Polish collaboration it is important to examine the things that do not make someone a collaborator, as people have a tendency to associate any co-operative behaviour with the Nazis as collaborative. Citizens throughout Europe benefited from the German genocide of the Jewish population, many Polish business owners for example saw increased profit as Jews were deported to the ghettos. This indirect advantage for Polish businessmen does not indicate their support f or genocide or even efforts to aid the destruction of Jewish property, it merely shows the lack of resistance many poles exhibited during occupation. Blackmail was another feature many people confused with collaboration, as German officials used personal information of Polish citizens for their compliance in identifying Jewish authority. Although the information brought forward Polish citizens resulted in the murder of innocent Jewish people, the intention to destroy was not initially present. According to Janet T. Gross a prominent historian specializing in the Holocaust, a true collaborator is someone who is prepared to grant the occupier authority rather there simply providing support or information. Once identifying who qualifies as a collaborator the next step is to examine the form of government that existed in the occupied country prior to defeat. It is easiest and most rewarding for the occupier to find collaborators within the political establishment of a country, preferabl y one considered legitimate by the people. As previously stated the National Democratic Party of Poland prior to occupation received overwhelming public support, and even shared the same racial ideology as the Nazis against the Jewish population. In March 1939, the Germans entered Poland with the intention of creating a token Polish state which meant one with strong nationalist tendencies. The first step was to work with Polish officials in government to help identify those citizens who played a prominent role prior to occupation. The peasant leader Wincenty Wilos was one target of the Nazi occupiers, as he exuded a great deal of influence over minorities throughout Poland. Wilos was tried and executed by members of the SS, and was labeled a traitor to Poland, which in one act rid the occupiers and the National Democrats of a potential threat to nationalism. This incident proved that in the earliest days of occupation Germans sought out political collaborators, and once key disturba nces were eliminated by the Nazis they cut off ties to their Polish informants. It is apparent as to why Germans sought after collaborators within the Polish government, but the real question is why Polish officials turned on members of their own community. It is profitable for any occupier to obtain some form of political legitimacy, but conversely the defeated government might want to minimize the consequences of defeat as the ultimate authority and from collaboration could function under conditions of limited sovereignty without losing the allegiance of its people. The Polish government was faced with a no win situation, a lack of collaboration would result in their removal or even destruction, yet collaborating with an occupying force would mean turning their back on the people they were elected to protect.